本期前沿編譯內容為《New Media & Society（新媒體與社會）》2023年11月發表的特刊，包括1篇本刊引言和6篇論文。

New Media & Society（新媒體與社會）是Sage出版公司旗下學術期刊，現任主編為美國伊利諾伊大學芝加哥分校的Steve Jones。

期刊為月刊，為研究媒體和信息變化的社會動態提供了一個跨學科的論壇。該期刊主要關注的領域為：利用廣泛的學科觀點以及理論與實證研究，對由新媒體發展的規模和速度引起的關鍵問題進行的批判性討論。

影響因子：4.577（2023）

JCR傳播學領域期刊排名：6/92

Ⅰ

特刊引言

//“被追蹤社會”——網絡追蹤的跨學科研究

【題目】

The tracked society: Interdisciplinary approaches on online tracking

【作者】

René K?nig, University of Stuttgart

Steffen Uphues, University of Stuttgart

Verena Vogt, University of Stuttgart

Barbara Kolany-Raiser, University of Stuttgart

【摘要】

作為數字化發展中的重要力量，各種類型的網絡追蹤既給人們帶來了希望，也同樣引起了恐懼：一方面，網絡追蹤能夠提供個性化內容，為用戶和企業提供了新的機遇；另一方面，這種常常是面向無意識和不知情用戶的全方位追蹤以及數據處理上的不透明方式也引起了社會各界一定的警惕。我們如何才能更好地理解并且積極主動地去塑造新興的“被追蹤社會”？本期特刊旨在從多視角和學科出發闡釋這些問題，本引言則簡要概述了這一主題的內涵和特刊的內容。 

Online tracking in its various forms is a backbone of digitalization that has sparked hopes and fears alike: It opens up new opportunities for users and businesses as it enables individually targeted content. At the same time, the encompassing tracking of often unaware and ill-informed users and the opaque practices of data procession has alarmed critics from multiple sides. How can we better understand but also proactively and constructively shape the emerging Tracked Society? Our special issues seek to shed light on these questions from various perspectives and disciplines. In this introduction, we give a brief overview of the topic in general and our special issue in particular.

Ⅱ

期刊目錄

1

Infrastructures of tracking: Mapping the ecology of third-party services across top sites in the EU

網絡追蹤的基礎設施——勾勒歐盟頂級網站的第三方服務生態

2

Chilling effects and the stock market response to the Snowden revelations

寒蟬效應與股市對斯諾登揭秘事件的反應

3

Vulnerability in a tracked society: Combining tracking and survey data to understand who gets targeted with what content

“被追蹤社會”中的脆弱性——綜合網絡追蹤和調查數據探究有針對性的內容分發

4

Tracking sex: The implications of widespread sexual data leakage and tracking on porn websites

追蹤 “性”——色情網站大規模的性數據泄漏和追蹤的含義

5

The emotive politics of digital mood tracking

數字情緒追蹤的情緒化政治

6

The practical and ethical challenges in acquiring and sharing digital trace data: Negotiating public-private partnerships

獲取和共享數字追蹤所得數據面臨的操作性困難和倫理挑戰——協商下的公私合作關系

Ⅲ

精編譯文

//01

網絡追蹤的基礎設施——勾勒歐盟頂級網站的第三方服務生態

【題目】

Infrastructures of tracking: Mapping the ecology of third-party services across top sites in the EU

【作者】

Rasmus Helles, University of Copenhagen

Stine Lomborg, University of Copenhagen

Signe Sophus Lai, University of Copenhagen

【摘要】

如今，網站以模塊化的方式運作，并將用戶信息監測與數據化、安全功能和視頻托管等工作外包給外部公司。在功能性（的提升）和用戶行為的盈利方面，這種第三方服務（TPS）扮演了互聯網發展的關鍵推動者角色。與批判性數據研究（critical data studies）和媒介系統分析（media systems analysis）不同，本文通過將第三方服務基礎設施置于市場、文化差異和監管更廣闊的環境內，加深了對其的理解。通過對28個歐盟國家排名前150位網站的研究，本文證明了歐盟不同地區和不同類型的網站在第三方服務的使用上有所差異，并將這種差異歸因于語言、監管傳統和網絡業務間的差異。通過將用戶行為數據的不同商業化形式與更廣泛的社會和文化結構聯系起來，這些見解或許能為當前有關監視資本主義（surveillance capitalism）和大數據的論爭提供借鑒。

Today, websites operate in a modular fashion, outsourcing the surveillance and datafication of users to outside companies, along with security functions, video hosting, and so on. These third-party services (TPSs) function as key enablers of the web, with respect to functionality and the monetization of user activity. Departing from critical data studies and media systems analysis, the article contributes to understanding TPS infrastructures by placing these in a wider context of markets, cultural differences and regulation. Through a study of top-150 websites from the 28 EU countries, the article demonstrates how the use of TPSs varies between different parts of the region and different types of sites, and traces this variation to issues of language, regulatory traditions and differences in online businesses. These insights may inform current debates about surveillance capitalism and big data, by linking different forms of commodification of users’ behavioural data to broader social and cultural structures.

//02

寒蟬效應與斯諾登事件的股市反應

【題目】

Chilling effects and the stock market response to the Snowden revelations

【作者】

Mark Rosso, North Carolina Central University

ABM Nasir, North Carolina Central University

Mohsen Farhadloo, Concordia University

【摘要】

本研究分析了在愛德華·斯諾登曝光由美國國家安全局（NSA）所進行的全球互聯網通信監視項目之后，個人互聯網搜索行為和各項經濟指標的變化。筆者將2023年6月斯諾登揭秘事件后個人搜索行為的急劇變化稱為“斯諾登效應”，該效應屬于寒蟬效應（chilling effect）*的一種。本文通過分析一個特殊的搜索引擎DuckDuckGo*的數據，以證明寒蟬效應的確存在。然而，對包括全美18家大型網絡安全公司的股價在內的深入分析表明，斯諾登事件并未使股票市場產生動蕩。但從網絡安全服務購買者機會成本增加這一結果來看，網絡安全支出數據的驟增對經濟的損害依然存在。

*寒蟬效應（Chilling Effect）：指人民因畏懼法律懲罰或國家監管，放棄行使其正當權利的現象。

*DuckDuckGo是一個互聯網搜尋引擎，其總部位于美國賓州Valley Forge市。DuckDuckGo強調在傳統搜尋引擎的基礎上引入各大Web 2.0站點 的內容。其辦站哲學主張維護使用者的隱私權，并承諾不監控、不記錄使用者的搜尋內容。

This study analyzes the changes in individuals’ Internet search behavior and economic variables following Edward Snowden’s revelation of National Security Agency (NSA) surveillance activities of global Internet communications. We refer to the abrupt changes in individual search behavior beginning in June 2023 following Snowden’s revelations as the “Snowden effect.” The “Snowden effect” is a form of chilling effect. Using data from a unique search engine, DuckDuckGo, we show that chilling effects indeed exist. However, further analysis including the stock prices of the largest cybersecurity companies demonstrate a muted market response to the revelations, while cybersecurity spending data suggest resulting economic harm in the form of increased opportunity costs of buyers of cybersecurity services.

//03

“被追蹤社會”中的脆弱性——綜合追蹤行為和調查數據理解有針對性的內容分發

【題目】

Vulnerability in a tracked society: Combining tracking and survey data to understand who gets targeted with what content

【作者】

Nadine Bol, Tilburg University

Joanna Strycharz, University of Amsterdam

Natali Helberger, University of Amsterdam

Bob van de Velde, University of Amsterdam

Claes H de Vreese, University of Amsterdam

【摘要】

盡管數據驅動的個性化（內容分發）策略已滲透至網絡傳播的所有領域，但其對于個體和整個社會的影響尚未被完全理解。本文以Facebook為例，綜合網絡追蹤和自我報告的調查數據，對有針對性的內容分發算法進行了評估。筆者測試了用戶特征（社會人口學特征和個體感知）與Facebook平臺廣告接觸之間的關系。研究結果表明，社交媒體使用復雜的算法來定位特定的用戶群體，在性別刻板印象和健康領域相關的問題上這一現象尤為突出。與健康相關的內容主要目標群體為年齡較大的用戶、女性用戶、對網絡公司具有較高信任度的用戶以及健康狀況較差的用戶。本研究首次證明，不公平的定向（推送）算法強化了刻板印象并造成了實際上的不平等。此外，本研究還為重新思考基于算法對目標用戶群體的鎖定引發的新的個體和社會的脆弱性問題提出了建議。 

While data-driven personalization strategies are permeating all areas of online communication, the impact for individuals and society as a whole is still not fully understood. Drawing on Facebook as a case study, we combine online tracking and self-reported survey data to assess who gets targeted with what content. We tested relationships between user characteristics (i.e. socio-demographic and individual perceptions) and exposure to branded content on Facebook. Findings suggest that social media use sophisticated algorithms to target specific groups of users, especially in the context of gender-stereotyping and health. Health-related content was predominantly targeted at older users, females, and at those with higher levels of trust in online companies, as well as those in poorer health conditions. This study provides a first indication of unfair targeting that reinforces stereotypes and creates inequalities, and suggests rethinking the impact of algorithmic targeting in creating new forms of individual and societal vulnerabilities.

//04

追蹤 “性”——色情網站性數據大規模的泄漏和追蹤的影響

【題目】

Tracking sex: The implications of widespread sexual data leakage and tracking on porn websites

【作者】

Elena Maris, Microsoft Research

Timothy Libert, Carnegie Mellon University

Jennifer R Henrichsen, University of Pennsylvania

【摘要】

本文探討了色情網站的數據追蹤和隱私（泄露）風險。筆者對22484個色情網站的分析表明，有93％的網站將會用戶數據泄漏給第三方。筆者證實，對色情網站的數據追蹤行為高度集中，基本由少數幾家大公司進行。此外，筆者成功抓取了3856個網站（占色情網站總數的17％）的隱私政策，但是要理解這些政策的含義可能需要用戶接受兩年的大學教育。通過對樣本域名的內容分析我們發現，其中44.97％的域名可能曝光或暗示了與用戶相關的特定性別、性向認同或性癖好信息。從定量分析結果中，筆者發現了三個最主要的后果：（1）相比于其他類型的數據，色情數據泄漏的風險更高也更特殊；（2）（性數據的泄露）將對“脆弱”人群帶來特殊的風險與影響；（3）為色情網站用戶提供同意的復雜性，以及在這類線上的性互動中獲得肯定性認可的必要性。

This article explores tracking and privacy risks on pornography websites. Our analysis of 22,484 pornography websites indicated that 93% leak user data to a third-party. Tracking on these sites is highly concentrated by a handful of major companies, which we identify. We successfully extracted privacy policies for 3856 sites, 17% of the total. The policies were written such that one might need a 2-year college education to understand them. Our content analysis of the sample’s domains indicated 44.97% of them expose or suggest a specific gender/sexual identity or interest likely to be linked to the user. We identify three core implications of the qu